a. Topic
Sentence
A topic sentence is the most important sentence in a
paragraph. Sometimes referred to as a focus sentence, the topic sentence helps
organize the paragraph by summarizing the information in the paragraph. In
formal writing, the topic sentence is usually the first sentence in a paragraph
(although it doesn't always have to be).
Example:
From:
Literature: Structure, Sound, and
Sense by Lawrence Perrine
Fiction, like food, is of different
nutritive values.
Some is rich in protein and vitamins; it builds bone and sinew. Some is highly
agreeable to the taste but not permanently sustaining. Some may be adulterated
and actually harmful to our health. Escape fiction is of the latter two sorts.
The harmless kind bears frankly on the face of it what it is. It pretends to be
nothing else than pleasant diversion and never asks to be taken seriously. The
second kind masquerades under the appearance of interpretation. It pretends to
give a faithful treatment of life as it is, perhaps even thinks that it does
so, but through its shallowness it subtly falsifies life in every line. Such
fiction, taken seriously and without corrective, may give us false notions of
reality and lead us to expect from experience what experience does not provide.
b. Supporting
Sentence:
The supporting sentence is the developing part which
improves major ideas. While writing the supporting sentence, the controlling
idea must be fully explained, discussed and exemplified. All the sentences
should support the topic sentence.
Example:
It was a beautiful day. White clouds towered above the mountains,
and the air was brisk and cold. The trees outside my office stirred in the
wind, and a flock of crows rode the air currents up past my window, over the
building and down past the windows on the other side.
c. Concluding
Sentence:
Generally, a concluding sentence is a restatement of the
topic sentence, it gives the same information as the topic sentence, but it is
expressed in a different way. Also, you can suggest, warn, give an opinion in
the concluding sentence if you want to write an original one. While writing
concluding sentence, we can use adverbs such as “all in all, consequently, in
conclusion, in short, in summary, etc.”
Example:
My special
treasure is a picture of my mother on her fifteenth birthday. This
picture is always in my house when I was growing up. Years later when I got
married and moved to Montreal, my mother gave it to me so that I would always
remember her. Now, it sits on my table next to my bed. I look at it and imagine
my mother’s life on that day. I think she was excited because her eyes are
shining with happiness. Her smile is shy as if she were thinking about a
secret. She is standing next to rose bush, and the roses are taller than she
is. She is wearing a beautiful white lace dress and black shoes. Her hair is
long and curly. She looks lovely in this peaceful place, and I feel calm when I
gaze into her eyes at the end of my busy day. This picture of my mother is
my most valuable possession.
d. Sentence
Beginning:
Sentences that repeatedly begin with similar elements, such
as the subject or a construction like there is or there were, do not engage a
reader. Consider the following variations for beginning sentences.
Example:
The population as a whole was unevenly distributed. The north
was particularly thinly settled and the east densely populated, but even in
counties like Warwickshire where there were substantial populations, some
woodland areas were sparsely peopled. There was already relatively dense
settlement in the prime arable areas of the country like Norfolk, Suffolk and
Leicester shire. Modern estimates of England's total population, extrapolated
from Domesday patterns, vary between 1 and 3 million.
e. Simple
sentence:
A simple sentence, also called an independent clause,
contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought. In the
following simple sentences, subjects are in yellow, and verbs are in green.
Example:
From
Frankenstein by Mary Shelley
I closed not my eyes that night. My internal being was in a state of
insurrection and turmoil; I felt that order would thence arise, but I had no
power to produce it. By degrees, after the morning's dawn, sleep came. I awoke,
and my yesternight'st houghts were as a dream. There only remained a resolution
to return to my ancient studies, and to devote myself to a science for which I
believed myself to possess a natural talent.
f. Compound
Sentence:
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined
by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet,
so. (Helpful hint: The first letter of each of the coordinators spells
FANBOYS.) Except for very short sentences, coordinators are always preceded by
a comma.
Example:
From
"The White Seal," The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling
The sea cows went on schlooping and
grazing and chomping in the weed, and Kotick asked them questions in every
language that he had picked up in his travels, and the Sea People talk nearly
as many languages as human beings. But the Sea Cow did not answer, but Sea Cow cannot talk. He
has only six bones in his neck where he ought to have seven, and they say under
the sea that that prevents him from speaking even to his companions; but, as
you know, he has an extra joint in his fore flipper, and by waving it up and
down and about he makes a sort of clumsy telegraphic code.
g. Complex
sentence:
A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one
or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as
because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that,
who, or which.
Example:
From
Great Expectations by Charles Dickens
I accepted the offer, when Mr.
Wemmick had put all the biscuit into the post, and had paid me my money from a
cashbox in a safe, the key of which safe he kept somewhere down his back, and
produced from his coat-collar like an iron pigtail, we went upstairs. The house was dark and shabby, and
the greasy shoulders that had left their mark in Mr. Jaggers's room seemed to
have been shuffling up and down the staircase for years. In the front first
floor, a clerk who looked something between a publican and a rat-catcher--a
large pale puffed swollen man--was attentively engaged with three or four
people of shabby appearance, whom he treated as unceremoniously as everybody
seemed to be treated who contributed to Mr. Jaggers's coffers.
h. Compound-Complex
Sentence:
The sentences containing adjective clauses (or dependent
clauses) are also complex because they contain an independent clause and a
dependent clause.
Example:
From
Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen
On the following Monday, Mrs. Bennet had the pleasure of
receiving her brother and his wife, who came as usual to spend the Christmas at
Longbourn. Mr. Gardiner was a sensible, gentleman like man, greatly superior to
his sister as well by nature as education. The Nether field ladies would have
had difficulty in believing that a man who lived by trade, and within view of
his own warehouses, could have been so well bred and agreeable. Mrs. Gardiner,
who was several years younger than Mrs. Bennet and Mrs. Philips, was an
amiable, intelligent, elegant woman, and she was a great favourite with all her
Longbourn nieces. Between the two eldest
and herself especially, there subsisted a very particular regard. They had
frequently been staying with her in town.
Thnks!!! Sangat membantu =)
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